Mouse Imaging Models for Tracking Lymphocyte Function in Tissues Process Organ Model In Vivo

epifluorescence videomicroscopy (Mempel et al., 2004b). These microscopy technologies and molecular tools for IVM, intact organ studies, and live cell interactions have Cenk Sumen,1,2 Thorsten R. Mempel,1,2 Irina B. Mazo,1,3 Ulrich H. von Andrian1,2* The CBR Institute for Biomedical Research and Department of Pathology and been extensively reviewed elsewhere (Cahalan et al., 2002; Huppa and Davis, 2003; Mempel et al., 2004b). A 3 Department of Pediatrics Harvard Medical School relatively recent development is multiphoton microscopy (MPM), featuring infrared pulsed laser excitation Boston, Massachusetts 02115 to generate optical sections of fluorescent signals hundreds of micrometers below the surface of solid tissues The most pervasive fallacy of philosophic thinking goes (Denk et al., 1990). The combination of MPM technology with IVM (MP-IVM) enables the analysis of cell migration back to neglect of context. John Dewey (1859–1952) in time-lapse recordings of 3D tissue reconstructions (Cahalan et al., 2002). Traditional IVM approaches can be used to study practically any cell in numerous physiological models Recent advances in photonics, particularly multi-photon microscopy (MPM) and new molecular and genetic (Table 1). This article will focus on the current state and likely future of IVM technology and related fields to study tools are empowering immunologists to answer longstanding unresolved questions in living animals. Using T cells and dendritic cells (DC). What do we currently know about T cell and DC migration to and within differintravital microscopy (IVM) investigators are dissecting the cellular and molecular underpinnings conent tissues? What are the surface receptors and cytoskeletal as well as intracellular signaling mechanisms trolling immune cell motility and interactions in tissues. Recent IVM work showed that T cell responses that control their interactions with other cells and with each other? Given that most current answers to these to antigen in lymph nodes are different from those observed in vitro and appear dictated by factors questions are based on non-IVM experimentation, often from reductionist in vitro assays, how can future IVM uniquely relevant to intact organs. Other IVM models, particularly in the bone marrow, reveal how different studies provide much-needed validation, refinement (or rejection) of prevailing immunological and cell biological anatomic contexts regulate leukocyte development, immunity, and inflammation. This article will discuss concepts? What are the available hardware, computational, and biological tools? What are their current limitathe current state of the field and outline how IVM can generate new discoveries and serve as a “reality tions? Which technological improvements are needed to further accelerate the emerging renaissance of IVM check” for areas of research that were formerly the exclusive domain of in vitro experimentation. as a unique tool for immunologists?